Audit and certification
Statutory, tax, internal and bank audits, CARO, internal financial controls, and certificates issued by a Chartered Accountant.
Common questions
Audit and assurance
- How is a company's auditor appointed, and when must auditors be rotated?
- What is CARO 2020, and which companies does it apply to?
- What is a concurrent audit of a bank branch, and what does it cover?
- What is the auditor's report on internal financial controls, and which companies need it?
- What do qualified, adverse and disclaimer opinions in an audit report mean?
- What is the difference between a statutory audit, a tax audit and an internal audit?
Certificates by a CA
- What documents are needed for a net-worth certificate from a Chartered Accountant?
- What goes into a turnover certificate, a certificate for a bank loan, and a Form 15CB certificate?
- How can I verify a CA certificate or audit report using its UDIN?
- Why does every CA certificate carry a UDIN, and which documents need one?
All Audit and certification questions, with short answers
Updates
Formats
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Management representation letterWritten representations under SA 580 and related Standards on Auditing, with Companies Act items on internal financial controls, Rule 11(e), (f) and (g) and dividends.Word (.docx) | Updated 7 November 2026Download
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Net worth certificateTwo formats on the lines of the ICAI Guidance Note on Reports or Certificates for Special Purposes: for an individual (limited assurance, for example for a visa) and for an entity from audited financial statements (for example for a tender), each with its statement of net worth.Word (.docx) | Updated 7 November 2026Download